Technology Improves Transportations Research Paper

Innovation Improves Transportations - Research Paper Example The specialist expresses that transportation today is one of the most pivotal and fundamental element of all the field of human life, particularly of worldwide exchange for example dispatching, farming, food industry, development, voyaging, the travel industry, and number of different business handle, that basically can't proceed even a solitary advance without the help of transportation. The protected and secure conveying of travelers, fast redemption of items, and safeguarding of nature of various products are most significant issues for the accomplishment of transportation organizations. Because of this explanation, clients counsel dependable organizations which use the most recent methods of transportation and innovations for proficient conveyance. The utilization of most recent innovations has presented new patterns in transportation industry and put certain immediate ramifications on various entertainers related with this field. These entertainers incorporate foundation (for ex ample streets, roadways, spans, railroads, metros, tramways, air terminals, seaports and so on), methods of transportation (for example transports, vehicles, rails, cable cars, planes, cargo and so forth), and capacities relating to of transportation industry. Since clients keep themselves persistently draw in with new inventive administrations in all features of life, accordingly, by concentrating on transportation industry, this exploration paper portrays the advancement of current advances and their definitive effect on the improvement of various parts of transportation just as upgrading effectiveness in transportation today and expanding it's stream capacity.... In any case, its downside is that it is a lot of tedious than different methods of transportations. It is essentially the gift of present day innovation which empowered the development of streets, air terminals, railroads, metros, and cable cars. Black-top compactors are utilized for fast compaction and completing of streets. Pressure driven Trucks have the ability to lift 200 to 250 tons of burdens due to having a swing-ceaselessly cross section jib expansion which gives it extra 30’ to 40’ of length. Other than these gear, excavators, fork lifter, pavers, trenchers, crawler loaders, and some different incidental hardware is utilized all through the world to develop and fix the streets and expressways in expedient manner (Vehicle Valuation Services, Inc). Air transportation is one of the main administrations in transportation industry. Overwhelming building innovation is worked for the development and re-covering of runways. Auto sweeper transports are being utilized t o forestall the air traffic from Field Object Damages which may deliver intense results for planes. The utilization of cutting edge crash tenders on air terminals, for salvage and firefighting administrations, have expanded the transportation wellbeing complex. FLF Panther, Alvis Salamander, E-1, and MB are some most current accident tenders by and by being used at quantities of air terminals. Establishment of Doppler Radars and Automated Weather Observation Systems, have likewise expanded the wellbeing of airplane from any ecological impact (CopRadar.com). Improvement in Transportation Modes The world had never such gigantic quantities of transportation modes as today it has. In antiquated occasions, human used to go on creatures. Today, it has vehicles, transports, rails, cable cars, metros, boats, and airplane to go from one spot to other or to freight its items anyplace

Theater Review First Date Essay Example For Students

Theater Review First Date Essay I went to â€Å"First Date† the night of June eighteenth at the Hobby Center in Downtown Houston, which was held at 7:30 p. m. This play was appeared from June 11 †June 21 in the TUTS Underground/Zilkha Hall. There were roughly 150 individuals who went to the play that night. Shockingly to me, the group ages ran from those in their thirties to fifties. The creator composed this play to help the idea of first dates, for this situation it was an arranged meeting. Apprehension consistently happens on a date, yet more so on an arranged meeting. Cassie was a sequential dater and Aaron was new to the dating scene. This is nearly the situation with any date. They were fruitful with the creation since they made it interesting, yet equivalent to what occurs, all things considered, on dates. The play was delivered for diversion of youthful grown-ups who are in the dating scene. A scene would begin with the characters convincing and afterward go to sing as well as moving. Now and again it was an individual, at that point perhaps a couple and a couple of times they did the entirety of this all in all gathering. You could state there was little instruction in the play since it instructs us to be available to things we aren’t typically open to. The play was loaded with acceptable music, singing, acting, giggling and lighting. The character were in ordinary garments for being out on the town or working at the bar. They certainly fit the scene. They all had extraordinary voices when singing was associated with a scene. Cassie without a doubt had the most grounded voices of all! Every scene had impeccable lighting, from people ones where the spot light was on that on-screen character, to bunches scenes that had diverse shaded lights with impacts when moving. The creation had numerous great acting minutes, however my most loved was when Aaron indicated his delicate and enthusiastic side with him mother who passed. The entire play was cheery and clever, yet I like that he had the option to go it to an alternate course. He had the option to show Cassie an alternate side to him and I imagine that is made her more pulled in to him. I truly can’t grumble about any not very great acting minutes. In the event that I needed to study anything, it would be the bartender’s job. I thought on occasion he was excessively cliché. It resembled his job made a decent attempt to be a piece of the creation. This was my absolute first venue show to ever join in and I was a little waver to be straightforward in light of the fact that I didn’t realize what's in store. I carried my mother with me and I was intrigued with the creation since it had a blend of acting, moving and singing. It was something that numerous individuals can identify with now days. By and large, First Date was a fun, reasonable and a night very much spent for diversion. The entertainers were so gifted, they had the option to play various characters during the creation. This was my first play to join in and I preferred it so much that I plan on going to see a greater amount of them around the Houston territory later on.

Ten Tips on Managing Stress During the Application Process COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Ten Tips on Managing Stress During the Application Process COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Thanks to  Melanie Pagan, Assistant Dean for Student Affairs and Wellness at the Office of Student Affairs (OSA) at SIPA, for this post in response to Patricia H. Dean Pagan earned her MSEd in Higher Education Administration at Baruch College’s School of Public and International Affairs and has more than 10 years of experience in higher education supporting undergraduate and graduate students at various institutions including Yale University, Connecticut College and Columbia University. Her pronouns are she/her/hers. Submit your idea for a blog post here. Applying to graduate school can be as stressful as much as it is exciting. It’s normal for one to experience anxiety at some point of the process but there are ways to manage that stress while (and after) you apply. Here are my ten tips on how to stay relaxed, productive, and positive during the application process. Tip #1: Start Early! Graduate school applications can be quite involved. At SIPA, application requirements include a personal statement, letters of recommendation, official transcripts, the GRE/GMAT or TOEFL, and a video essay. Each of these requirements can take some time to complete so starting early can not only help you feel less stressed, but it will allow for any potential bumps in the road that could derail the process. Tip #2: Get organized. In addition to starting early, getting organized is key to managing anxiety while applying. Regardless of how many programs you are applying to, there is a lot of information to keep track of. Whether you use pen and paper or digital organization system, my suggestion is to create a grid with each school, their requirements and deadlines. When I applied to master’s programs, I used a notebook where I created a grid with each school’s application components and checked off things as I completed them. I also added deadlines to my calendar on my phone and set reminders for a week and a day before a deadline. Tip #3: Take Breaks. Although it may be tempting to spend all your time on your application or power through it due to time restraints, it’s important to take breaks for yourself (and for your application). Rest your eyes of the blue light from your computer screen. Step away from your writing for a bit. This allows you to come back with a fresh perspective. Your best work comes from your best self and taking a break helps. Take a walk, listen to music, dance at home, have dinner with a friend, watch an episode (not the entire series) of your favorite show. Tip #4: Sleep, Eat, and Stay Active! When we are stressed, we sometimes neglect the things that our body and mind need like drinking water, sleeping well, eating well, and staying active. In addition to taking breaks, it is important that you participate and maintain healthy habits. Unhealthy behaviors like sleep deprivation, remaining inactive for days at a time and drinking a lot of coffee can lead to burnout, forgetfulness, and loss of creativity. Tip #5: Seek Support from Friends and Family. Talk to your support system. Whether is it a friend, a coworker or a family member. Let them know if you feel overwhelmed or stressed. They’ve supported you through other stressful times and they will do so again. Tip #6: Talk to a Counselor, Advisor or Mentor. Talking to a professional counselor, trusted advisor or mentor can also be helpful, especially if you do not have someone in your support system who has gone through the graduate school application process. Talk to your therapist, reach out to mentor at work or a college advisor from your undergraduate studies. They can help you with any anxiety that you are experiencing and can share with you any advice they might have. Tip #7: Limit the Amount of People You Have Look at Your Application. It’s important to reach out to people you trust to look over your application. They can help you with writing edits, studying for the GRE/GMAT and/or TOEFL/IELTS/PTE or give you feedback on your video essay. However, try to limit how many people you have look over your essays, especially as you are making final edits. It can cause unnecessary stress and lead you to feel overwhelmed right as you are getting ready to hit submit. Additionally, if you have found a GRE or TOEFL study course/books that work well for you, do not look into new programs or testing techniques right before you take the exam. Stick to what you know works and go into the exam room with confidence. Tip #8: Keep Yourself Occupied While You Wait. Once you have submitted your application, find ways to keep your mind occupied as you wait for a decision. This was especially important for me when I submitted my graduate school applications. I reached out to friends I hadn’t seen in a while and attended events I had to skip while studying for the GRE. I also started going to the gym more which helped tremendously as endorphins help you feel happy and stay positive. Tip #9: Resist the Temptation to Constantly Check Your Email (or call the Admission Office) It is so easy to constantly check your email, especially now that our inbox is literally at out fingertips. One way to help with the temptation of constantly checking your email is to disable email notifications on your phone. This is a general tip I give to anyone trying to have a better work-life balance, but it is also helpful during the waiting period. Admissions offices will mostly likely not email you after business hours, so limit checking your email to that time frame and turn off the notifications that make you run to your phone with every “ping” you hear. This also goes for constantly checking graduate school forums or calling the admissions office repeatedly. Be patient. The admissions office will reach out in due time. Tip #10: Most Importantly, Remain Positive! You are smart, capable, and have so much to offer. You will find the right graduate school match and you will go on to be successful in whichever program you pursue. If you shift your thoughts towards gratitude, you will be in a better mood through out the day and sleep better. Stay positive. You got this.

Analysis of Cyrano de Bergerac as a Romantic Work Essay

Analysis of Cyrano de Bergerac as a Romantic Worknbsp;nbsp; Appeal to emotions, individualism, and intellectual achievement were three important elements of Romanticism. This essay will explore the degree to which Cyrano de Bergerac exemplifies these elements of Romanticism. First and foremost is the appeal to emotions. All of the other facets of romanticism can be related to the emotional appeal in Cyrano de Bergerac. Because strong emotional appeal is perhaps the most important method used by the author to create identity with the reader, especially in romantic works, the actions which elicit the emotional responses must, then, show a great deal about the character. The characters motives and philosophies can be determined†¦show more content†¦The reader feels strongly for Cyrano to go for it! and is proud and respectful toward him because of his magnelephant actions. Cyranos actions and the resulting emotional response from the reader, then, portray him as an individual. During this age of romanticism, this was considered to be the chic thing to do. Here we have the feeling of the fashionability of Cyranos actions. He is a moral leader which the people look up to. As the play progresses, we are shown various incidents in the play which elicit emotional responses from the reader: the longing Cyrano has for Roxane; his belief that he can never have her because of his appearance; a comical intervention as Christian gets a nose up on Cyrano; Cyrano and Christian working together to court Roxane; the author of the letters to Roxane being unknown to her; the passionate speech which Cyrano delivers to Roxane from behind the shrub; the existence of the cadets in such grim conditions; the death of Christian; the final resolution of Cyranos love for Roxane and his death. These emotions are what define the play and make it great. A second characteristic of romanticism is individualism. Throughout the play, it is regarded as noble in spirit to be individualistic, and Cyrano demonstrates to this effect repeatedly. His white plumes of freedom are perhaps the most vivid example of this independent spirit. He openly and willingly defies the standards set forth by traditional culture in

Slang, Jargon, Idiom or Proverb Explained

Slang, jargon, idioms, and proverbs. What do they mean? Heres a short overview for English learners that explains and gives examples of each type of expression. Slang Slang is used by relatively small groups of people in informal situations. As it is used by limited groups of people, slang also tends to be confused with dialect. However, slang can be referred to as words, phrases or expressions used within a language, in this case, English. Also, slang is used by some to indicate words, phrases or expressions used by various ethnic or class groups. It should not be used in written work unless that work includes quotes that contain slang. This category of vocabulary changes rather quickly and expressions that are in one year, may be out the next.   Slang Examples emo - very emotional. Dont be so emo. Your boyfriend will be back next week. frenemy - someone you think is your friend, but you know is really your enemy. Has your frenemy got you worried? groovy - very nice in a mellow sort of way (this is old slang from the 60s). Groovy, man. Feel the good vibrations. (Note: slang goes out of fashion quickly, so these examples might not be current.) Recommendation You can use the urban dictionary for definitions of slang. If a phrase is a slang, youll find it there. Jargon Jargon could be explained as slang for business or enthusiasts. Jargon can be defined as words, phrases, or expressions that mean something specific in a particular profession. For example, there is a lot of jargon associated with the internet.  It can also refer to specific words used in a sport, hobby or other activity. Jargon is known and used by those who are on the inside of a business or of some activity.   Jargon Examples cookies - used by programmers to track information on a users computer that has accessed the internet. We set a cookie when you first access our site. birdie - used by golfers to state that the golf ball was put into the hole with one less golf stroke than expected on a hole. Tim got two birdies on the back nine at the golf course. chest voice - used by singers to indicate a style of singing that has chest resonance. Dont push so hard with your chest voice. Youll hurt your voice! Idiom Idioms are words, phrases, or expressions that do not literally mean what they express. In other words, if you were to translate an idiom word for word in your own language, it most likely would not make any sense at all. Idioms are different than slang as they are used and understood by almost everyone. Slang and jargon are understood and used by a smaller group of people. There is a wide variety of idiom sources on this site for English learners.   Idioms Examples rain cats and dogs - rain very heavily. Its raining cats and dogs tonight. pick a language up - learn a language by living in a country. Kevin picked up a little Italian when he lived in Rome. break a leg - do well at a performance or presentation. Break a leg on your presentation John. Proverb Proverbs are short sentences known by quite a large part of any language speaking population. They tend to be old, give advice, and be very insightful. Many proverbs are taken from literature, or from other very old sources. However, they are used so often that the speaker does not realize who originally said or wrote the proverb. Example Proverbs The early bird gets the worm - start working early and you will be successful. I get up at five and do two hours of work before I go to the office. The early bird gets the worm! When in Rome, do as the Romans - when you are in a foreign culture, you should act like the people in that culture. Im wearing shorts to work here in Bermuda! When in Rome, do as the Romans. You cant always get what you want - This proverb means what it says, you cant always get what you want. The Rolling Stones knew how to put that to music! Stop complaining. You cant always get what you want. Learn to live with that truth!

Effective Leadership in Nursing Health Care Free Essays

A transactional leader is that who has only management and positional authority over others. He’s positional wise superior to the employees and all other working under him. There are no necessary skills needed to lead people. We will write a custom essay sample on Effective Leadership in Nursing Health Care or any similar topic only for you Order Now He’s in charge of their salaries and other finances. Transformational leadership involves motivating and encouraging employees to do their best in their performance. Employees must maximize their potential. The leaders strive to transform the organization structure for higher morals and high goals. Transactional leader (positional leadership) has simply managerial and administrative tasks, a positional authority. A transformational leader (influential) gets associated with his employees, and motivates them to transform and give better output, possessing specific leadership skills. Effective leadership is an important part of an organization and facilitates for advancing their goals. His leadership qualities let him to transform the organizational culture, politics and structure to a new form in order to complete future goals and become competitive advanced organization. The Components of Leadership An effective leadership will set a vision for an organization for some future goals It will mobilize and motivate others to perform best course of actions to achieve those goals It involves effective communication with employees to clearly show them vision of an organization and to influence them to work for the desired goals A charismatic personality that becomes an ideal for others Challenges to leadership development in nursing healthcare Effective nursing leadership in healthcare is mandatory for health care reform, patient care, health promotion and development of policies. It involves broad range of capabilities, activities and goals for the development this leadership in healthcare sector. Effective communication has always been important in nurse-patient and nurse-physician relationship. Nurses are always in a situation dealing with patients and their emotions, where illness has already made patients upset. In spite of their deteriorating health, patients need hope and encouragement for every minute they are breathing and for every day of the life they are living. As James Forrest Calland, MD, of University of Virginia stresses on the role of team communication in the operating room (Calland, 2001). He pointed to the fact that surgical errors are more common than medication errors. In operating room only trained staff with learned communication skills must be employed because surgeon alone is not responsible for the successful surgery, the role of nurses in maintaining the environment is important, where non-verbal communication sometimes compounds the problem. In critical care, team work has always been found to be productive. Hence, it is important for nurses and other staff to adapt to the environment and they must be trained with other staff in every discipline. Different educational programs for developing communication skills and to work collaboratively must be developed. Impact of Different Leadership Traits And Styles In Today’s Health Care Organization Different models of change have been proposed. Methods and approaches used for change can be adopted in healthcare as well. The empirical-rational model is based on the fact that â€Å"individuals are rational and will follow their rational self-esteem. A good change will be adopted by only those who have good intentions.† This method stresses on fixing the part, that is the communication itself and making new ways for developing communication skills to bring the change. However, this method does not seem to be suitable for healthcare arena. The power-coercive method of change would also not be suitable for change in communication in healthcare as it uses power or force to make change. In this method individuals are forced to adopt change. In this method the rules and regulations will be imposed on the staff, â€Å"that’s how they have to communicate and behave† to make a change in the healthcare environment. However, this method has brought very few changes as seen from the history and is very less productive. The most appropriate and long last change can be brought through normative-re-educative approach. Everything that is accepted does not come passively but individual struggles to get it. Changes are brought through actions of people who are in charge of it by improving their thinking at personal level. The individuals who are in charge of it are educated, trained, and guided. In addition, individuals adopt change by understanding and re-educating themselves. In this method the work is done collaboratively with clients, agents and other team workers to bring a change. As discussed earlier that in healthcare collaborative work is much more important than individual efforts. Though, physicians are directly involved in patients’ diagnosis, prognosis and treatment, the environment in healthcare is maintained by nurses. Nurses are usually in charge of patients’ care and are in direct touch and contact with patients. Physicians has stressed that â€Å"clear communication with patients is important for establishing trust in them† (Slovik, 2001) also not making them disappointed about their health but still sticking to the real and factual information. Most physicians regard many surgical and medical errors due to lack of effective communication, as stated by Richard I. Cook, MD, of the University of Chicago, â€Å"There is a tendency to be very narrowly focused on communication. There is actually a dense web of communications among nurses, residents, pharmacists, surgeons and other members of the health care team.† (Cook, 2001) Communication is largely affected by other factors at workplace including stress, tension and fatigue. When nurses and physicians fail to collaborate there is an often report of an erroneous event. Many errors in healthcare reporting can simply be avoided through effective collaboration â€Å"where sharing of information and cross-checking accuracy is important.† Speaks Marta L. Render, MD, of the VA Midwest Patient Safety. Stressing the key points in effective communication, she states â€Å"honesty, openness, consistency and respect are keys to effective communication.† (Render, 2001) It is â€Å"a bridging activity† (Render, 2001) among various co-workers and staff. â€Å"Managing change is critical for a safe health care system. So is managing competing interests and conflicting goals.† (Render, 2001) References Calland, J. F. (2001) Addressing errors in the operating room. Let’s Talk: Communicating Risk and Safety in Healthcare, 2001. The 3rd Annenberg Conference on Patient’s Safety. The Summary of Conference Proceedings. St. Paul MN. Retrieved from World Wide Web: http://www.npsf.org/congress_archive/2001/summary.html Cook, R.I. (2001) Plenary Session I: Communicating in the Midst of Complexity. Let’s Talk: Communicating Risk and Safety in Healthcare, 2001. The 3rd Annenberg Conference on Patient’s Safety. The Summary of Conference Proceedings. St. Paul MN. Retrieved from World Wide Web: http://www.npsf.org/congress_archive/2001/summary.html Render, M.L. (2001) Speaker at Plenary Session I: Communicating in the Midst of Complexity. Let’s Talk: Communicating Risk and Safety in Healthcare, 2001. The 3rd Annenberg Conference on Patient’s Safety. The Summary of Conference Proceedings. St. Paul MN. Retrieved from World Wide Web: http://www.npsf.org/congress_archive/2001/summary.html Slovik, P. (2001) Emotion, Reason and Risk Lessons for Risk Communication from Cognitive Science. Let’s Talk: Communicating Risk and Safety in Healthcare, 2001. The 3rd Annenberg Conference on Patient’s Safety. The Summary of Conference Proceedings. St. Paul MN. Retrieved from World Wide Web: http://www.npsf.org/congress_archive/2001/summary.html Nursing leadership development in Canada. Retrieved from http://www.cna-nurses.ca/CNA/documents/pdf/publications/Nursing_Leadership_Development_Canada_e.pdf Kutz, M.R. Necessity of Leadership Development in Allied Health Education Programs Retrieved http://ijahsp.nova.edu/articles/Vol2num2/Kutz_Leadership.htm How to cite Effective Leadership in Nursing Health Care, Essay examples Effective Leadership in Nursing Health Care Free Essays A transactional leader is that who has only management and positional authority over others. He’s positional wise superior to the employees and all other working under him. There are no necessary skills needed to lead people. We will write a custom essay sample on Effective Leadership in Nursing Health Care or any similar topic only for you Order Now He’s in charge of their salaries and other finances. Transformational leadership involves motivating and encouraging employees to do their best in their performance. Employees must maximize their potential. The leaders strive to transform the organization structure for higher morals and high goals. Transactional leader (positional leadership) has simply managerial and administrative tasks, a positional authority. A transformational leader (influential) gets associated with his employees, and motivates them to transform and give better output, possessing specific leadership skills. Effective leadership is an important part of an organization and facilitates for advancing their goals. His leadership qualities let him to transform the organizational culture, politics and structure to a new form in order to complete future goals and become competitive advanced organization. The Components of Leadership An effective leadership will set a vision for an organization for some future goals It will mobilize and motivate others to perform best course of actions to achieve those goals It involves effective communication with employees to clearly show them vision of an organization and to influence them to work for the desired goals A charismatic personality that becomes an ideal for others Challenges to leadership development in nursing healthcare Effective nursing leadership in healthcare is mandatory for health care reform, patient care, health promotion and development of policies. It involves broad range of capabilities, activities and goals for the development this leadership in healthcare sector. Effective communication has always been important in nurse-patient and nurse-physician relationship. Nurses are always in a situation dealing with patients and their emotions, where illness has already made patients upset. In spite of their deteriorating health, patients need hope and encouragement for every minute they are breathing and for every day of the life they are living. As James Forrest Calland, MD, of University of Virginia stresses on the role of team communication in the operating room (Calland, 2001). He pointed to the fact that surgical errors are more common than medication errors. In operating room only trained staff with learned communication skills must be employed because surgeon alone is not responsible for the successful surgery, the role of nurses in maintaining the environment is important, where non-verbal communication sometimes compounds the problem. In critical care, team work has always been found to be productive. Hence, it is important for nurses and other staff to adapt to the environment and they must be trained with other staff in every discipline. Different educational programs for developing communication skills and to work collaboratively must be developed. Impact of Different Leadership Traits And Styles In Today’s Health Care Organization Different models of change have been proposed. Methods and approaches used for change can be adopted in healthcare as well. The empirical-rational model is based on the fact that â€Å"individuals are rational and will follow their rational self-esteem. A good change will be adopted by only those who have good intentions.† This method stresses on fixing the part, that is the communication itself and making new ways for developing communication skills to bring the change. However, this method does not seem to be suitable for healthcare arena. The power-coercive method of change would also not be suitable for change in communication in healthcare as it uses power or force to make change. In this method individuals are forced to adopt change. In this method the rules and regulations will be imposed on the staff, â€Å"that’s how they have to communicate and behave† to make a change in the healthcare environment. However, this method has brought very few changes as seen from the history and is very less productive. The most appropriate and long last change can be brought through normative-re-educative approach. Everything that is accepted does not come passively but individual struggles to get it. Changes are brought through actions of people who are in charge of it by improving their thinking at personal level. The individuals who are in charge of it are educated, trained, and guided. In addition, individuals adopt change by understanding and re-educating themselves. In this method the work is done collaboratively with clients, agents and other team workers to bring a change. As discussed earlier that in healthcare collaborative work is much more important than individual efforts. Though, physicians are directly involved in patients’ diagnosis, prognosis and treatment, the environment in healthcare is maintained by nurses. Nurses are usually in charge of patients’ care and are in direct touch and contact with patients. Physicians has stressed that â€Å"clear communication with patients is important for establishing trust in them† (Slovik, 2001) also not making them disappointed about their health but still sticking to the real and factual information. Most physicians regard many surgical and medical errors due to lack of effective communication, as stated by Richard I. Cook, MD, of the University of Chicago, â€Å"There is a tendency to be very narrowly focused on communication. There is actually a dense web of communications among nurses, residents, pharmacists, surgeons and other members of the health care team.† (Cook, 2001) Communication is largely affected by other factors at workplace including stress, tension and fatigue. When nurses and physicians fail to collaborate there is an often report of an erroneous event. Many errors in healthcare reporting can simply be avoided through effective collaboration â€Å"where sharing of information and cross-checking accuracy is important.† Speaks Marta L. Render, MD, of the VA Midwest Patient Safety. Stressing the key points in effective communication, she states â€Å"honesty, openness, consistency and respect are keys to effective communication.† (Render, 2001) It is â€Å"a bridging activity† (Render, 2001) among various co-workers and staff. â€Å"Managing change is critical for a safe health care system. So is managing competing interests and conflicting goals.† (Render, 2001) References Calland, J. F. (2001) Addressing errors in the operating room. Let’s Talk: Communicating Risk and Safety in Healthcare, 2001. The 3rd Annenberg Conference on Patient’s Safety. The Summary of Conference Proceedings. St. Paul MN. Retrieved from World Wide Web: http://www.npsf.org/congress_archive/2001/summary.html Cook, R.I. (2001) Plenary Session I: Communicating in the Midst of Complexity. Let’s Talk: Communicating Risk and Safety in Healthcare, 2001. The 3rd Annenberg Conference on Patient’s Safety. The Summary of Conference Proceedings. St. Paul MN. Retrieved from World Wide Web: http://www.npsf.org/congress_archive/2001/summary.html Render, M.L. (2001) Speaker at Plenary Session I: Communicating in the Midst of Complexity. Let’s Talk: Communicating Risk and Safety in Healthcare, 2001. The 3rd Annenberg Conference on Patient’s Safety. The Summary of Conference Proceedings. St. Paul MN. Retrieved from World Wide Web: http://www.npsf.org/congress_archive/2001/summary.html Slovik, P. (2001) Emotion, Reason and Risk Lessons for Risk Communication from Cognitive Science. Let’s Talk: Communicating Risk and Safety in Healthcare, 2001. The 3rd Annenberg Conference on Patient’s Safety. The Summary of Conference Proceedings. St. Paul MN. Retrieved from World Wide Web: http://www.npsf.org/congress_archive/2001/summary.html Nursing leadership development in Canada. Retrieved from http://www.cna-nurses.ca/CNA/documents/pdf/publications/Nursing_Leadership_Development_Canada_e.pdf Kutz, M.R. Necessity of Leadership Development in Allied Health Education Programs Retrieved http://ijahsp.nova.edu/articles/Vol2num2/Kutz_Leadership.htm How to cite Effective Leadership in Nursing Health Care, Essay examples

Impact of Working Memory Training Among the Elderly

Question: Discuss about theImpact of Working Memory Training Among the Elderly. Answer: Introduction Human beings just like computers have got memory system that enable them execute various functions in their lives. To add on various cognitive roles such as language mastery, reading and learning is mainly aided by a working memory (WM). By definition and according to Klimova1, working memory is a theoretical construct referring to the structures and processes associated with our ability to keep information in mind while we actively use and respond to the information. Research has proven beyond doubt that this memory usually degenerates as the age of a human being goes beyond a certain time. However, it is not known neither has it been established, a particular time in a human being where the degeneration starts. Statement of the problem Whereas it is also found in other age groups, the cases are usually not pronounced as in the elderly. The few cases found in other age groups may be young is usually due to other medical conditions other than old age. Numerous researches have been carried out to establish the cause and come up with a treatment to help the condition but in vain. It is just recently after the search for a cure for the condition proved futile that the research shifted to the brain. They thought of how to modify what the brain can do. They were thinking from the premise that certain activities can influence cognitive processes of the brain. It is therefore against this background that this research study wants to know whether the computer oriented programs for training has an impact on working memory Objectives of the study The main objective of this research study was to establish whether computer-based working memory training leads to improvement of the capacity of working memory. Significance of the study This research study is very important since it is one of its own kind. Researchers and psychologists will find this piece of work important as they will be able to learn the extent of working memory that can be influenced by employing computer training programs. Literature Review A research done by Basak2 on 1500 participants of the ages between 20 and 85 years to assess the working memory on visual and verbal aspects reported that the visual aspect began deteriorating earlier in the females than the males. On the verbal aspect, the study recorded an almost equal rate of deterioration between the two genders. Another research study conducted by Saunders4 and Johansson3 on the memory of patients who had brain injury pointed out those individuals who trained exhibited an improvement in the working memory examination tests. Compared to those who were subjected to a control group, they did far much better. This research therefore concluded that, structured and intense computerized working memory trainings improve peoples cognitive skills. Another study by Takeuchi5 associates overeating with memory loss. It asserts that accumulation of more calories at an advanced age may lead to cognitive impairment though in mild proportions. The study was conducted on about 1200 individuals aged between 70 and 79 years. They were then categorized into three groups according to the number of calories they took in a day. The research concluded from their findings that those that fed on more calories in a day had double chance of suffering mild cognitive problems. Methodology Research design This research study employed a descriptive design. This is mainly because the variables involved were mostly quantitative hence a quantitative research method. Data sampling The study used both probability and non-probability sampling methods. Non-probability sampling method that was employed in this study was purposive sampling. Data collection methods This research study had a total of thirty six respondents who included both male and females. Their ages were spread between 65 years and 79 years. These participants were subjected to a working memory training for with the aid of standard computer methods. After the first session of training they were subdivided into two equal groups of 18 individuals each. This division was done randomly without using any trick. One group which was the control group was allowed to continue with the initial standard computer methods training while the test group was subjected to a new training. They used a memory game application which is hand-held. They were then tested and results recorded. Data analysis The data collected was analyzed through excel worksheet and statistical package for social sciences, SPSS. Result The bar chart below shows the comparison of scores of the test group before and after the training The bar graph above is a grouped bar graph that compares PRE and POST CANTAB scores for the test group. It can be observed keenly that the test scores after the training was administered were higher than those before administering the training. Disscusion The purpose of this research study was to establish whether computer memory game app training on working memory have got a positive impact. Prior to conducting the research, the assumption was this computer training boosted the working memory of the elderly people. Administering tests before and after computer enabled training on the memory was apt for this study since apart from sounds, the elderly participants would also be able to see appealing graphics that could enhance ones memory to remember. And as such the results found in these tests after the working memory training is 99% reliable. The test administered was tailored in such a way that they could easily be understood by the elderly individuals. The process and methods applied while collecting information in such a psychological test had to appear soft and friendly. The study ensured this because since this is a psychological research dealing with the brain, participants had to be put in a sweet frame of mind. This is becau se any distraction caused in the process of the study could interfere with the mood hence the working memory of the participants. Coincidentally, after conducting the experiment, the results indeed confirmed the studys prior assumptions that the training boosts the working memory of the individuals. This is manifested by the test scores of evaluations done before and after the trainings. It was found that the scores improved after training. A comparison in marks of all the 18 participants showed that there was an improvement. There was no even one individual that scored a lower mark than the initial mark after the working memory training. In the control group, significant difference was witnessed in terms of the marks that were scored before and after the working memory training. In fact, in some cases the marks after they were subjected to control working memory training were lower than before the training. This is an indication or evidence that training working memory has got a positive impact on the elderly individuals. However, there were still some aspects of this research that were not able to be tested. Just as in previous researches on working memory, when or a particular time when the memory starts deteriorating among the elderly has proven difficult to establish. Similarly, in this research study, parameters or variables with which to use to measure the time period was difficult to identify. As also recorded in other researches mainly in psychology, individuals just like in this study could not tell with a lot of certainty the time when they realized they were suffering from memory loss. Conclusion From the research results, it can be concluded that computer memory game apps training on working memory has got a positive impact on working memory. This is evidenced by the CONTAB memory scores which were lower before WM training and got higher after WM training. However, a lot of research has to be done on this topic to address the gaps or questions that have remained unanswered for a long time. Gaps such as the age around which problems with memory starts and whether it is unique to the elderly alone or applicable to the young too need to be addressed by future researches. Though memory problem among is widespread among the elderly only as this study has established. The difference in working memory capacity before and after enhancing the memory is not much significant. This can be established from the test scores where the range hardly went beyond three marks. This could mean so many things for this research. Either the computer training is not the best method of training the wo rking memory or the working memory cannot just change beyond a certain limit. Another dimension of this could be that the working memory can only be trained for a particular period of time only after which it just degenerates to the status it was in before subjection to training. It can also be concluded that human working memory is so powerful and do not deteriorate much even as one advances in age. This is evidenced the high marks that were scored by the participants. Most of the participants were able to recall over eighty percent of the staff after the working memory training. References Klimova, B. Computer-based cognitive training in aging. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience. 2016; 8, 313. Basak, C., Boot, W.R., Voss, M.W., et al. Can training in a real-time strategy videogame attenuate cognitive decline in older adults? Psychology and Aging. 2008. Johansson B, Tornmalm M: Working memory training for patients with acquired brain injury: effects in daily life. 2012, Saunders NL, Summers MJ: Attention and working memory deficits in mild cognitive impairment. J Clin Exp Neuropsychology 2010, 32(4):350357. Takeuchi H, Sekiguchi A, Taki Y, Yokoyama et al: Training of working memory impacts structural connectivity. J Neurosci 2010,